Work Engagement and Burnout Relationship with Adaptive Job Performance: Role of Psychological Ownership
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31384/jisrmsse/2022.20.2.3Keywords:
Job demands, Work engagement, Burnout, Job resources, Adaptive job performanceAbstract
This study aims to check the effect of job demands on employees' burnout and job resources on employees' work engagement with the moderating role of psychological ownership. Moreover, the direct and mediating role of burnout and work engagement in adaptive job performance. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire from a total of 311 four and five-star hotel employees and structural equational modeling was employed to test the hypotheses. The findings demonstrate the positive relation of job demands with burnout and job resources with work engagement. Furthermore, burnout has a direct negative as well as mediating relation with adaptive job performance whereas, work engagement has a direct positive as well as mediating relation with adaptive job performance. Lastly, the study has also found that psychological ownership weakens the relationship of job demands and employees’ burnout whereas, it strengthens the relationship among job resources and employees’ work engagement. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
Downloads
References
Airila, A., Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., Luukkonen, R., Punakallio, A., & Lusa, S. (2014). Are job and personal resources associated with work ability 10 years later? The mediating role of work WE. Work & Stress, 28(1), 87–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.872208
Asheghi, M., & Hashemi, E. (2019). The Relationship of Mindfulness with BO and AJP with the Mediatory Role of Resilience Among Iranian Employees. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research, Kowsar, 17(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/amh.87797
Bakker, A. B., & De Vries, J. D. (2021). JDs-Resources theory and self-regulation: New explanations and remedies for job BO. Anxiety, 34(1), 1–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1797695
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The JDs-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). JDs-resources theory: taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., De Boer, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). JDs and JR as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(2), 30–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00030-1
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement:The JD-R approach. Annual review of organisational psychology and organizational behavior, 1, 389–411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). The crossover of BO and work WE among working couples. In Human Relations (Vol. 58, pp. 661–689). London, England: Sage Publications Sage UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726705055967
Bakker, A. B., Tims, M., & Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work WE. In Human Relations (Vol. 65, pp. 1359–1378). London, England: Sage Publications Sage UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712453471
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Bentzen, M., Lemyre, N., & Kenttä, G. (2017). A comparison of high-performance football coaches experiencing high-versus low-BO symptoms across a season of play: Quality of motivation and recovery matters. International Sport Coaching Journal, Human Kinetics, Inc, 4(2), 133–146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2016-0045
Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Daily self-management and employee work WE. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(1), 31–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.11.002
Brown, G., Pierce, J. L., & Crossley, C. (2014). Toward an understanding of the development of ownership feelings. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(3), 318–338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1869
Campbell, J. P., Mccloy, R. A., Oppler, S. H., & Sager, C. E. (1993). A theory of performance”. Personnel Selection in Organizations, 35(70), 35–70.
Charbonnier-Voirin, A., & Roussel, P. (2012). Adaptive performance: A new scale to measure individual performance in organisations. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l’Administration, 29(3), 280–293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.232
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work WE: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89–136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x
Cole, M. S., Walter, F., Bedeian, A. G., & Boyle, E. H. (2012). Job burnout and employee engagement: A meta-analytic examination of construct proliferation. Journal of management, 38(5), 1550–1581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311415252
Crabtree, S. (2013). Worldwide, 13% of Employees Are Engaged at Work. The Gallup Organization. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/poll/165269/worldwide-employees-engaged-work.aspx
Dawkins, S., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., & Martin, A. (2017). PO: A review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(2), 163–183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2057
Degbey, W. Y., Rodgers, P., Kromah, M. D., & Weber, Y. (2021). The impact of psychological ownership on employee retention in mergers and acquisitions. Human Resource Management Review, 31(3), 100745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100745
De Jonge, J., & Dormann, C. (2006). Stressors, resources, and strain at work: a longitudinal test of the triple-match principle. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1359–1359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1359
De Lange, A. H., De Witte, H., & Notelaers, G. (2008). Should I stay or should I go? Examining longitudinal relations among job resources and work engagement for stayers versus movers. Work & Stress, 22(3), 201–223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802390132
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The JDs-resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1–09. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. (2014). BO and job performance: The moderating role of selection, optimisation, and compensation strategies. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(1), 96–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035062
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The JDs-resources model of BO. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Demerouti, E., Cropanzano, R., Bakker, A., & Leiter, M. (2010). From thought to action: Employee work WE and job performance. Work WE: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, 65(1), 147–163.
Demerouti, E., Veldhuis, W., Coombes, C., & Hunter, R. (2019). BO among pilots: psychosocial factors related to happiness and performance at simulator training.Ergonomics, 62(2), 233–245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2018.1464667
Devereux, J. J., & Buckle, P. W. (2000). Adverse work stress reactions-a review of the potential influence on Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDS).In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 44, pp. 5–457). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications Sage CA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120004403015
Diestel, S., & Schmidt, K. -. H. (2009). Mediator and moderator effects of demands on selfcontrol in the relationship between work load and indicators of job strain. Work & Stress, 23(1), 60–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902846686
Eldor, L., & Harpaz, I. (2016). A process model of employee WE: The learning climate and its relationship with extra-role performance behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(2), 213–235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2037
Garcia, C. D. L., Abreu, L. C. D., Ramos, J. L. S., Castro, C. F. D. D., Smiderle, F. R. N., Santos, J. A. D., & Bezerra, I. M. P. (2019). Influence of burnout on patient safety:systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina, 55(9). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090553
Griffin, J. M., Greiner, B. A., Stansfeld, S. A., & Marmot, M. (2007). The effect of self-reported and observed job conditions on depression and anxiety symptoms: a comparison of theoretical models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(4), 334–334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.4.334
Grobelna, A. (2019). Effects of individual and job characteristics on hotel contact employees’ work WE and their performance outcomes: A case study from Poland. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2017-0501
Grover, S. L., Teo, S. T., Pick, D., Roche, M., & Newton, C. J. (2018). Psychological capital as a personal resource in the JD-R model. Personnel Review. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-08-2016-0213
Guest, D. E. (2017). Human resource management and employee well-being: Towards a new analytic framework. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(1), 22–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12139
Hackman, J., & Oldman, G. (1980). Work Redesign. (adapted from pp. 80.81, 90 and 303-306). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2005). How dentists cope with their JDs and stay engaged: The moderating role of JR. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 113(6), 479–487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2005.00250.x
Halbesleben, J. R., & Buckley, M. R. (2004). BO in organizational life. Journal of Management, 30(6), 859–879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., Agrawal, S., Plowman, S. K., & Blue, A. (2016). The powerful relationship between employee engagement and team performance. The Gallup Organization. Retrieved from https://www.gallup.com/services/191558/q12-meta-analysis-ninth-edition-2016.aspx
Heinemann, L. V., & Heinemann, T. (2017). BO research: Emergence and scientific investigation of a contested diagnosis. Sage Open, 7(1), 2158244017697154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017697154
Heyns, M., & Rothmann, S. (2018). Volitional trust, autonomy satisfaction, and WE at work.Psychological Reports, 121(1), 112–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117718555
Jain, L., & Ansari, A. A. (2018). Effect of perception for organisational politics on employee WE with personality traits as moderating factors. The South East Asian Journal of Management. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21002/seam.v12i1.9396
Joung, W., Hesketh, B., & Neal, A. (2006). Using ‘war stories’ to train for AJP: Is it better to earn from error or success? Applied Psychology. Wiley Online Library, 55(2), 282–302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00244.x
Jundt, D. K., Shoss, M. K., & Huang, J. L. (2015). Individual AJP in organisations: A review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), S53–S71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1955
Jussila, I., Tarkiainen, A., Sarstedt, M., & Hair, J. F. (2015). Individual PO: Concepts, evidence, and implications for research in marketing. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 23(2), 121–139.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal WE and disWE at work. Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, 10510(4), 692–724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. (2020). Fostering task and AJP through employee wellbeing: The role of servant leadership. In BRQ Business Research Quarterly (p. 2340944420981599). London, England: SAGE Publications Sage UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2340944420981599
Karasek, R., Brisson, C., Kawakami, N., Houtman, I., Bongers, P., & Amick, B. (1998).The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): an instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 322–322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.322
Karatepe, O. M. (2013). High-performance work practices and hotel employee performance: The mediation of work WE. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 132–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.05.003
Karatepe, O. M. (2014). Hope, work WE, and organizationally valued performance outcomes: an empirical study in the hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 23(6), 678–698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2014.855994
Karatepe, O. M., & Olugbade, O. A. (2016). The mediating role of work WE in the relationship between high-performance work practices and job outcomes of employees in Nigeria. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2015-0145
Karatepe, O. M., & Uludag, O. (2008). Role stress, burnout and their effects on frontline hotel employees’ job performance: evidence from Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(2), 111–126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.645
Karatepe, O. M., Yavas, U., Babakus, E., & Deitz, G. D. (2018). The effects of organizational and personal resources on stress, engagement, and job outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 74, 147–161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.04.005
Khan, F., Yusoff, R. M., & Khan, A. (2014). Job demands, burnout and resources in teaching a conceptual review. World Applied Sciences Journal, 30(1), 20–28.
Kim, S., & Wang, J. (2018). The role of job demands-resources (JDR) between service workers’ emotional labor and burnout: New directions for labor policy at local government. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122894
Kim, S. K., & Park, M. (2017). Effectiveness of person-centered care on people with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 12, 381–381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S117637
Kwon, K., & Kim, T. (2020). An integrative literature review of employee engagement and innovative behavior: Revisiting the JD-R model. Human Resource Management Review, 30(2), 100704. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100704
Lee, W., Migliaccio, G. C., Lin, K. -. Y., & Seto, E. Y. (2020). Workforce development: understanding task-level JDs-resources, BO, and performance in unskilled construction workers. Safety Science, 123, 104577–104577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104577
Le Blanc, Hox, P. M., Schaufeli, J. J., Taris, W. B., Peeters, T. W., & C, M. (2007). Take care! The evaluation of a team-based BO intervention program for oncology care providers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 213–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.213
Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2005). Banishing BO: Six Strategies for Improving Your Relationship with Work. John Wiley & Sons.
Lesener, T., Gusy, B., & Wolter, C. (2019). The JDs-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 33(1), 76–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1529065
Lichtenthaler, P. W., & Fischbach, A. (2019). A meta-analysis on promotion-and prevention focused job crafting. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(1), 30–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1527767
Luo, C. Y., Tsai, C. H. K., Su, C. H. J., Kim, H. J., Gao, J. L., & Chen, M. H. (2022). How does hotel employees’ psychological capital promote adaptive performance? The role of change readiness. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 51, 491–501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.05.006
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organisational behavior. Journal of Management, 33(3), 321–349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300814
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). MBI: Maslach BO inventory. Sunnyvale (CA): CPP, Incorporated.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2005). Reversing burnout. Standford Social Innovation Review, 34(4), 43–49.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World psychiatry, 15(2), 103–111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20311
Neal, A. F., & Hesketh, B. (1999). Technology and performance. In D. Ilgen & D. Pulakos (Eds.), The Changing Nature of performance: Implications for Staffing, Motivation and Development (pp. 21–55). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Packirisamy, P., Meenakshy, M., & Jagannathan, S. (2017). Burnout during early career:lived experiences of the knowledge workers in India. Journal of Enterprise Information Management. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-01-2016-0041
Park, S., & Park, S. (2019). Employee AJP and its antecedents: Review and synthesis. Human Resource Development Review, 18(3), 294–324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484319836315
Park, S., & Park, S. (2021). How can employees adapt to change? Clarifying the AJP concepts Human Resource Development Quarterly, 321, 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21411
Parker, P. A., & Kulik, J. A. (1995). BO, self-and supervisor-rated job performance, and absenteeism among nurses. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18(6), 581–599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01857897
Peck, J., & Shu, S. B. (2018). Psychological ownership and consumer behavior. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77158-8
Peng, X., Lee, S., & Lu, Z. (2020). Employees’ perceived job performance, organizational identification, and pro-environmental behaviors in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102632–102632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102632
Pierce, J. L., Kostova, T., & Dirks, K. T. (2001). Academy of Management Review, Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor. NY , 10510(2), 298–310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4378028
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879–891. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Prentice, R. L., Pettinger, M. B., Jackson, R. D., Wactawski-Wende, J., Lacroix, A. Z., Anderson, G. L., & Chlebowski, R. T. (2013). Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: Women’s Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study. Osteoporosis International, 24(2), 567–580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2224-2
Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamondon, K. E. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace: development of a taxonomy of AJP. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 612–612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.612
Pulakos, E. D., Schmitt, N., Dorsey, D. W., Arad, S., Borman, W. C., & Hedge, J. W. (2002). Predicting AJP: Further tests of a model of adaptability. Human performance, 15(4), 299–323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327043HUP1504_01
Rapti, A., Rayton, B. A., & Yalabik, Z. Y. (2017). Employee PO and work WE: a two-study approach. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2017, pp. 13662–13662). Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2017.13662abstract
Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job WE: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, NY , 53(3), 617–635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.51468988
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee WE. Journal of Managerial Psychology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Sandhya, S., & Sulphey, M. M. (2019). An assessment of contribution of employee WE, psychological contract and psychological empowerment towards turnover intentions of IT employees. International Journal of Environment, Workplace and Employment, 5(1), 22–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWE.2019.097186
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Utrecht work WE scale: Preliminary manual version 1.1. Occupational Health Psychology Unit Utrecht University, pp. 1–60.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work WE with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the JDs-resources model: Implications for improving work and health. Bridging Occupational, Organisational and Public Health. Springer, 43–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_4
Shirom, A. (2011). Vigor as a positive affect at work: Conceptualising vigor, its relations with related constructs, and its antecedents and consequences. Review of General Psychology, 15(1), 50–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021853
Shoss, M. K., Witt, L. A., & Vera, D. (2012). When does AJP lead to higher task performance. Journal of organisational behavior, 33, 910–924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.780
Taris, T. W. (2006). Is there a relationship between BO and objective performance? Acritical review of 16 studies. Work & Stress, 20(4), 316–334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370601065893
Tian, K., & Belk, R. W. (2005). Extended self and possessions in the workplace”. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(2), 297–310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/432239
Tremblay, M. A., & Messervey, D. (2011). The JDs-Resources model: Further evidence for the buffering effect of personal resources. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 10–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.876
van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Personal resources and work WE in the face of change. Wiley Blackwell. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470661550.ch7
Van Dyne, L., & Pierce, J. L. (2004). Psychological ownership and feelings of possession: Three field studies predicting employee attitudes and organisational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organisational Psychology and Behavior, 25(4), 439–459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.249
Van Wingerden, J., Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2017). The impact of personal resources and job crafting interventions on work engagement and performance. Human Resource Management, 56(1), 51–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21758
Wang, L., Law, K. S., Zhang, M. J., Li, Y. N., & Liang, Y. (2019). It’s mine! PO of one’s job explains positive and negative workplace outcomes of job WE. Journal of Applied Psychology, American Psychological Association, 104(2), 229–229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000337
Wigert, B. (2020). Employee burnout: The biggest myth. The Gallup Organization. Retrieved from https://www.gallup.com/workplace/288539/employee-burnout-biggest-myth.aspx
Xia, Q., Yan, S., Zhang, Y., & Chen, B. (2019). The curvilinear relationship between knowledge leadership and knowledge hiding: the moderating role of psychological ownership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2018-0362
Yoo, J., & Arnold, T. J. (2016). Frontline employee customer-oriented attitude in the presence of JDs and resources: The influence upon deep and surface acting”. Journal of Service Research, SAGE Publications Sage CA, 19(1), 102–117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670515589956
Zhou, Y., Yang, Y., Shi, T., Song, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Z., & Tang, Y. (2020). Prevalence and demographic correlates of poor sleep quality among frontline health professionals in Liaoning Province, China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Frontiers in Psychiatry,11, 520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00520
Zia, M. Q., Bashir, M. A., Mangi, R. A., & Shamsi, A. F. (2021). A person-situation perspective of informal learning: the role of supervisor feedback environment. European Journal of Training and Development. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-09-2020-0142
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Muhammad Naveed
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright: The Authors