Stay or not to Stay: An Analysis of Diversity Management and Abusive Leadership Relationship with Turnover Intention
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31384/jisrmsse/2023.21.1.2Keywords:
Diversity management, abusive leadership, job satisfaction, turnover intentionAbstract
With the emergence of economic globalisation, HR executives strive to provide a fairer working environment as there is an unprecedented shift of increased participation of people with different demographic backgrounds, genders and belief systems at workplaces around the globe. Simultaneously, there has been a tremendous rise in the occurrences of abusive leadership behaviours leading to increased turnover ratios. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effects of abusive leadership and diversity management practices on turnover intention. This study data has been collected from the employees of pharmaceutical companies based in Karachi, Pakistan using a non- probability purposive sampling technique. Data was taken from (n = 403) participants. The results show a significant negative relationship between diversity management and turnover intention and a significant positive relationship between abusive leadership and turnover intention. The results also indicate that job satisfaction mediates the relationship of both diversity management and abusive leadership with turnover intention. The study emphasises that organisations should consciously channel their resources effectively into creating an all-inclusive environment to cater the psychological needs of a diverse workforce. The study also implicated that organisational leadership should pay special attention to ensure that they treat their subordinates fairly across the board, as the behaviour of the leaders has far-reaching effects on the performance, productivity and psychological well-being of the employees.
Downloads
References
Abiew, G. E., Okyere-Kwakye, E., & Ellis, F. Y. A. (2022). Examining the effect of functional diversity on organisational team innovation. International Journal of Innovation Science, 14(2), 193–212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-02-2021-0027
Ahmed, R. R., Akbar, W., Aijaz, M., Channar, Z. A., Ahmed, F., & Parmar, V. (2023).The role of green innovation on environmental and organizational performance:Moderation of human resource practices and management commitment. Heliyon, e12679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12679
Akbar, W., Riaz, S., Arif, K., & Hayat, A. (2018). Measuring the non-financial rewards in escalating employees job satisfaction (a study of private companies in Pakistan). Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies, 4(1), 108–116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25275/apjabssv4i1bus11
Akinwale, O. E., & George, O. J. (2020). Work environment and job satisfaction among nurses in government tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Rajagiri Management Journal, 14(1), 71–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/RAMJ-01-2020-0002
Ali, M., & French, E. (2019). Age diversity management and organisational outcomes: The role of diversity perspectives. Human Resource Management Journal, 29(2), 287–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12225
Ali, M., Metz, I., & Kulik, C. T. (2015). Retaining a diverse workforce: The impact of gender-focused human resource management: Retaining a diverse workforce. Human Resource Management Journal, 25(4), 580–599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12079
Ankomah, Y. A., Kwarteng, A. K., & Osei, Y. D. (2020). The relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention: Evidence from the Ghanaian mining industry. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1–16.
Ariss, A., Sidani, A., & Y. (2016). Comparative international human resource management: Future research directions. Human Resource Management Review, 26(4), 352–358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.04.007
Aryee, S., Sun, L.-Y., Chen, Z. X. G., & Debrah, Y. A. (2008). Abusive Supervision and Contextual Performance: The Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion and the Moderating Role of Work Unit Structure. Management and Organization Review, 4(3), 393–411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2008.00118.x
Ashkanasy, N. M., Nguyen, H. P. T., Stewart, S. L., Bennett, R. J., Deen, C. M., Harvey, P. M., Leonard, S. A., Li, Y., Mackey, J. D., Martinko, M. J., Ocampo, A. C. G., Parker, S. L., Posey, C., Restubog, S. L. D., & Yujuico, I. C. (2018). Abusive Supervision: Causes and Consequences. Proceedings - Academy of Management, 2018(1), 12757–12757. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2018.12757symposium
Bamfo, B., Ab, Dogbe, C. S. K., & Mingle, H. (2018). Abusive customer behaviour and frontline employee turnover intentions in the banking industry: The mediating role of employee satisfaction. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1522753–1522753. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1522753
Bashir, A., Amir, A., Jawaad, M., & Hasan, T. (2020). Work conditions and job performance: An indirect conditional effect of motivation. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1801961–1801961. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1801961
Bell, M. P., Özbilgin, M. F., Beauregard, T. A., & Sürgevil, O. (2011). Voice, silence, and diversity in 21st century organisations: Strategies for inclusion of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender employees. Human Resource Management, 50(1), 131–146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20401
Bešić, A., & Hirt, C. (2016). Diversity management across borders: the role of the national context. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 35(2), 123–135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-01-2014-0004
Burić, I., & Moè, A. (2020). What makes teachers enthusiastic: The interplay of positive affect, self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.103008
Choi, S. (2009). Diversity in the US federal government: Diversity management and employee turnover in federal agencies. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(3), 603–630. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun010
Chordiya, R. (2022). Organisational Inclusion and Turnover Intentions of Federal Employees with Disabilities. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 42(1), 60–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X20942305
Cooper, C. L., Rout, U., & Faragher, B. (1989). Mental health, job satisfaction, and job stress among general practitioners. British Medical Journal, 298, 366–370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6670.366
Dodanwala, T. C., & Santoso, D. S. (2022). The mediating role of job stress on the relationship between job satisfaction facets and turnover intention of the construction professionals. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 29(4), 1777–1796. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-12-2020-1048
Dover, T. L., Kaiser, C. R., & Major, B. (2020). Mixed Signals: The Unintended Effects of Diversity Initiatives. Social Issues and Policy Review, 14(1), 152–181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12059
Erdur, D. A. (2020). Diversity Management: Revealing the Need for a Context-specific Approach. Contemporary Global Issues in Human Resource Management, 37–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-392-220201006
Fischer, T., Tian, A. W., Lee, A., & Hughes, D. J. (2021). Abusive supervision: A systematic review and fundamental rethink. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(6), 101540–101540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101540
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
Foster, C., & Harris, L. (2005). Easy to say, difficult to do: diversity management in retail. Human Resource Management Journal, 15(3), 4–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2005.tb00150.x
Frieder, R. E., Hochwarter, W. A., & Deortentiis, P. S. (2015). Attenuating the negative effects of abusive supervision: The role of proactive voice behavior and resource management ability. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(5), 821–837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.06.001
Garg, S., & Sangwan, S. (2021). Literature Review on Diversity and Inclusion at Workplace. Vision, 25, 12–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262920959523
Gartner. (2021). Gartner HR Research Reveals 82% of Employees Report Working Environment Lacks Fairness. Retrieved from https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/pressreleases/2021-08-11-gartner-hr-research-reveals-eighty-two-percent-of-employeesreport-working-environment-lacks-fairness
GOP. (2022). Pakistan Export Strategy: Pharmaceuticals 2023-2027. Retrieved from https://tdap.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Pharmaceuticals-Export-Strategy-3_web.pdf
Guchait, P., Madera, J., & Peyton, T. (2020). Guest editorial. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(6), 2029–2034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2020-027
Guillaume, Y. R. F., Dawson, J. F., Ebede, L. O., Woods, S. A., West, M. A., Journal of Organizational Behaviour , et al. (2017). Harnessing demographic differences in organizations: What moderates the effects of workplace diversity?, 38(2), 276–303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2040
Gupta, A., & Gomathi, S. (2022). Mediating Role of Employee Engagement on the Effect of Inclusion and Organizational Diversity on Turnover Intention: A Study on IT Professionals. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals, 13(1), 1–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJHCITP.300313
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). New York: Sage Publications.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Mediation Analysis. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook, 139–153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_7
Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2021). Individual-level outcomes of employee engagement: A conservation of resources framework (J. M. B. Schneider, Ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789907858.00013
Hancock, J. I., Allen, D. G., Bosco, F. A., Mcdaniel, K. R., & Pierce, C. A. (2013). Metaanalytic review of employee turnover as a predictor of firm performance. Journal of Management, 39(3), 573–603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311424943
Hauret, L., & Williams, D. R. (2020). Workplace diversity and job satisfaction. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion. An International Journal, 39(4), 419–446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-01-2019-0030
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43, 115–135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hobfoll, S. E., & Freedy, J. (2018). Conservation of resources: A general stress theory applied to burnout. Professional burnout, 115–129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315227979-9
Hogg, M. A. (2016). Social identity theory . (pp. 3–17). Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_1
Hsiao, A., Ma, E., Lloyd, K., & Reid, S. (2019). Organisational Ethnic Diversity’s Influence on Hotel Employees’ Satisfaction, Commitment, and Turnover Intention: Gender’s Moderating Role. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 44(1), 76–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348019883694
Jabbar, U. B., Saleem, F., Malik, M. I., Qureshi, S. S., & Thursamy, R. (2020). Abusive leadership and employee commitment nexus: Conservation of resources theory perspective. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1857993–1857993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1857993
Jolly, P. M., & Self, T. T. (2020). Psychological Diversity Climate, Organizational Embeddedness, and Turnover Intentions: A Conservation of Resources Perspective. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 61(4), 416–431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965519899935
Ju, L., Zhao, W., Wu, C., Li, H., & Ning, X. (2020). Abusive supervisors and employee work-to-family conflict in Chinese construction projects: How does family support help? . Construction Management and Economics, 38(12), 1158–1178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2020.1817962
Just, S. N., Risberg, A., & Villesèche, F. (2020). Researching Organisational Diversity:Opportunities and Challenges. The Routledge Companion to. Organizational Diversity Research Methods, 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429265716-1
Khan, H., Rehmat, M., Butt, T. H., Farooqi, S., & Asim, J. (2020). Impact of transformational leadership on work performance, burnout and social loafing: A mediation model. Future Business Journal, 6(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00043-8
Köllen, T. (2021). Diversity management: A critical review and agenda for the future. Journal of Management Inquiry, 30(3), 259–272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492619868025
Köllen, T., Koch, A., & Hack, A. (2020). Nationalism at Work: Introducing the “Nationality-Based Organizational Climate Inventory” and Assessing Its Impact on the Turnover Intention of Foreign Employees. Management International Review, 60(1), 97–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-019-00408-4
Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., Kensbock, J. M., & Peschl, A. (2020). What satisfies younger versus older employees, and why? An aging perspective on equity theory to explain interactive effects of employee age, monetary rewards, and task contributions on job satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 59(1), 101–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21981
Kong, H., Jiang, X., Chan, W., & Zhou, X. (2018). Job satisfaction research in the field of hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(5), 2178–2194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2016-0525
Lazzari, M., Alvarez, J. M., & Ruggieri, S. (2022). Predicting and explaining employee turnover intention. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 14(3), 279–292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-022-00329-w
Lee, J., Kim, S., & Kim, Y. (2021). Diversity climate on turnover intentions: A sequential mediating effect of personal diversity value and affective commitment. Personnel Review, 50(5), 1397–1408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-11-2019-0636
Leonard, J. S., & Levine, D. I. (2006). The Effect of Diversity on Turnover: A Large Case Study. ILR Review, 59(4), 547–572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001979390605900402
Lin, S.-H. J., Ma, J., & Johnson, R. E. (2016). When ethical leader behavior breaks bad: How ethical leader behavior can turn abusive via ego depletion and moral licensing. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(6), 815–831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000098
Liu, S., Zhu, Q., & Wei, F. (2019). How Abusive Supervision Affects Employees’ Unethical Behaviors: A Moderated Mediation Examination of Turnover Intentions and Caring Climate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4187–4187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214187
Long, C. S., Thean, L. Y., Ismail, W. K. W., & Jusoh, A. (2012). Leadership Styles and Employees’ Turnover Intention: Exploratory Study of Academic Staff in a Malaysian College. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(4), 575–581.
Lopez, Y. P., Dohrn, S., & Posig, M. (2020). The effect of abusive leadership by coaches on Division I student-athletes’ performance: The moderating role of core self-evaluations. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 130–141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.001
Lyu, D., Ji, L., Zheng, Q., Yu, B., & Fan, Y. (2019). Abusive supervision and turnover intention: Mediating effects of psychological empowerment of nurses. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(2), 198–203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.12.005
Mackey, J. D., Frieder, R. E., Brees, J. R., & Martinko, M. J. (2017). Abusive supervision:A meta-analysis and empirical review. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1940–1965. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315573997
Mansoor, S., Tran, P. A., & Ali, M. (2021). Employee outcomes of supporting and valuing diversity: Mediating role of diversity climate. Organization Management Journal,18(1), 19–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/OMJ-09-2019-0801
Marcinko, A. (2020). Diversity As I Say, Not As I Do: Organisational Authenticity and Diversity Management Effectiveness. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2020, 14306–14306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2020.189
Mathieu, C., Fabi, B., Lacoursière, R., & Raymond, L. (2016). The role of supervisory behavior, job satisfaction and organisational commitment on employee turnover. Journal of Management & Organization, 22(1), 113–129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2015.25
Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1159–1186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1159
Nidadhavolu, R. (2018). Toxic leadership and employee retention: Exploring the mediating effect of job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 152(4), 1055–1067.
Nielsen, V. L., & Madsen, M. B. (2017). Does gender diversity in the workplace affect job satisfaction and turnover intentions. International Public Management Review, 18(1), 77–115.
Oliveira, L. B., & Najnudel, P. S. (2023). The influence of abusive supervision on employee engagement, stress and turnover intention. Revista de Gestão, 30(1), 78–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-02-2021-0025
Ordu, A. (2016a). The effect of diversity management on job satisfaction: Evidence from the Turkish banking sector. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3017–3026.
Ordu, A. (2016b). The Effects of Diversity Management on Job Satisfaction and Individual Performance of Teachers. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(3), 105–112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2015.2573
Ortlieb, R., & Sieben, B. (2014). The making of inclusion as structuration: Empirical evidence of a multinational company. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion. An International Journal, 33(3), 235–248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-06-2012-0052
Paoletti, J., Gilberto, J. M., Beier, M. E., & Salas, E. (2020). The role of aging, age diversity, and age heterogeneity within teams. Current and Emerging Trends in Aging and Work, 319–336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24135-3_16
Park, J., & Min, H. K. (2020). Turnover intention in the hospitality industry: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102599–102599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102599
PB, S. (2019). Coping with abusive leaders. Personnel Review, 49(6), 1309–1326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2019-0118
Peterson, M. F., & Stewart, S. A. (2020). Implications of Individualist Bias in Social Identity Theory for Cross-Cultural Organizational Psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022120925921
Pitts, D. (2009). Diversity Management, Job Satisfaction, and Performance: Evidence from U.S. Federal Agencies. Public Administration Review, 69(2), 328–338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01977.x
Porcena, Y. R., Parboteeah, K. P., & Mero, N. P. (2021). Diversity and firm performance: role of corporate ethics. Management Decision, 59(11), 2620–2644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-01-2019-0142
Pradhan, S., & Jena, L. K. (2018). Abusive supervision and job outcomes: A moderated mediation study. Evidence-Based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, 6(2), 137–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-06-2017-0030
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 93–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022658
Radomir, L., & Moisescu, O. I. (2019). Discriminant Validity of the Customer-Based Corporate Reputation Scale: Some Causes for Concern. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 29(4), 457–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-11-2018-2115
Rahman, U. H. F. B. (2019). Diversity Management and the Role of Leader. Open Economics, 2(1), 30–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/openec-2019-0003
Ramlawati, R., Trisnawati, E., Yasin, N., & Kurniawaty, K. (2021). External alternatives, job stress on job satisfaction and employee turnover intention. Management Science Letters, 11(2), 511–518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.9.016
Rather, R. A. (2017). Investigating the Impact of Customer Brand Identification on Hospitality Brand Loyalty: A Social Identity Perspective. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 27(5), 487–513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1404539
Richard, O. C., & Johnson, N. B. (2008). Making the Connection Between Formal Human Resource Diversity Practices and Organizational Effectiveness: Behind Management Fashion. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 12(1), 77–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-8327.1999.tb00116.x
Saqib, Z., & Khan, M. (2022). Striving for Inclusion of Diverse Employees: How Important is the Context? South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23220937221083813
Scheepers, D., & Ellemers, N. (2019). Social Identity Theory. Social Psychology in Action, 129–143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13788-5_9
Schmid, E. A., Verdorfer, A., & Peus, C. V. (2018). Different Shades-Different Effects? Consequences of Different Types of Destructive Leadership. Frontiers in Psychology,9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01289
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach.John Wiley & Sons.
Shanahan, K. J., & Hopkins, C. D. (2019). Level of Agreement Between Sales Managers and Salespeople on the Need for Internal Virtue Ethics and a Direct Path from Satisfaction with Manager to Turnover Intent. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(3), 837–848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3813-6
Sims, S. (2020). Modelling the relationships between teacher working conditions, job satisfaction and workplace mobility. British Educational Research Journal, 46(2), 301–320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3578
Singh, R. B., Das, S., Chodosh, J., Sharma, N., Zegans, M. E., Kowalski, R. P., & Jhanji, V. (2022). Paradox of complex diversity: Challenges in the diagnosis and management of bacterial keratitis. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 88, 101028–101028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101028
Srinivasan, R. (2017). Whose Global Village?: Rethinking How Technology Shapes Our World. NYU Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bj4qkd
Syed, J. (2009). Contextualizing Diversity Management. M. Özbiligin, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion at Work, 12740–12740.
Syed, J., & Tariq, M. (2017). Global Diversity Management. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.62
Takase, M. (2010). A concept analysis of turnover intention: Implications for nursing management. Collegian, 17(1), 3–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2009.05.001
Tanuwijaya, J., & Jakaria, M. (2022). The effect of abusive leadership on job satisfaction:The mediating role of psychological safety. Journal of Business Research, 141, 1–10.
Tdap. (2023). Pharmaceuticals - Trade Development Authority of Pakistan (TDAP).
Tepper, B. (2000). Consequences of Abusive Supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178–190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1556375
Tepper, B. J., Henle, C. A., Lambert, L. S., Giacalone, R. A., & Duffy, M. K. (2008). Abusive supervision and subordinates’ organisation deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 721–732. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.721
Thau, S., Bennett, R. J., Mitchell, M. S., & Marrs, M. B. (2009). How management style moderates the relationship between abusive supervision and workplace deviance: An uncertainty management theory perspective. Organisational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 79–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.06.003
Thomas, R. R. (1990). From affirmative action to affirming diversity. Harvard Business Review, 68, 107–117.
Tran, T. B., Nguyen, T. T. M., Nguyen, T. T. H., & Nguyen, T. T. L. (2020). The impact of diversity management on job satisfaction and organisational identification: The mediating role of diversity climate. Journal of Business Research, 113, 25–36.
Tran, V., Garcia-Prieto, P., & Schneider, S. C. (2010). The role of social identity, appraisal, and emotion in determining responses to diversity management. Human Relations, 64(2), 161–176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726710377930
Tummers, L. G., & Knies, E. (2013). Leadership and meaningful work in the public sector. Public Administration Review, 73(6), 859–868. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12138
UNESCO. (2018, February 15). The IFCD and the United Nations SDGs. Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/whatis/sdgs
Vanderschuere, M., & Birdsall, C. (2019). Can diversity management improve job satisfaction for military veterans in the federal government. The American Review of Public Administration, 49, 116–127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074018783005
Wang, D., Li, X., Zhou, M., Maguire, P., Zong, Z., & Hu, Y. (2019). Effects of abusive supervision on employees’ innovative behavior: The role of job insecurity and locus of control. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 60(2), 152–159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12510
Wang, W., & Sun, R. (2020). Does organisational performance affect employee turnover? A re-examination of the turnover-performance relationship. Public Administration, 98(1), 210–225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12648
Ward, A.-K., Beal, D. J., Zyphur, M. J., Zhang, H., & Bobko, P. (2022). Diversity climate, trust, and turnover intentions: A multilevel dynamic system. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(4), 628–649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000923
Webb, C. M., & Carpenter, J. (2012). What can be done to promote the retention of social workers? A systematic review of interventions. British Journal of Social Work, 42(7), 1235–1255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcr144
Wise, L. R., & Tschirhart, M. (2000). Examining empirical evidence on diversity effects: how useful is diversity research for public-sector managers? Public Administration Review, 60(5), 386–394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00102
Xia, Y., Zhang, L., & Li, M. (2019). Abusive Leadership and Helping Behavior: Capability or Mood, which Matters? . Current Psychology, 38(1), 50–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9583-y
Xu, S., Martinez, L. R., Hoof, H. V., Tews, M., Torres, L., & Farfan, K. (2018). The impact of abusive supervision and co-worker support on hospitality and tourism student employees’ turnover intentions in Ecuador. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(7), 775–790. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1076771
Yadav, S., & Lenka, U. (2020). Diversity management: A systematic review. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion. An International Journal, 39(8), 901–929. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-07-2019-0197
Zainab, B., Akbar, W., & Van , J. N. T. (2020). Effects of Burnout on Employee Creative Performance and Counterproductive Work Behavior: Does Psychological Capital Matter? Paradigms, 14(1), 39+.
Zeffane, R. (2003). Organisational Behavior: A Global Perspective. John Wiley and Sons Australia Ltd.
Zhang, Y., & Bednall, T. C. (2015). Antecedents of Abusive Supervision: A Meta-analytic. Review. Journal of Business Ethics, 139(3), 455–471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2657-6
Zhang, Y., & Liao, Z. (2015). Consequences of abusive supervision: A meta-analytic review. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(4), 959–987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-015-9425-0
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Arif, Muhammad Naeem Ahmed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright: The Authors